Contributing to Elimination of Cross-Border Malaria Through a Standardized Solution for Case Surveillance, Data Sharing, and Data Interpretation: Development of a Cross-Border Monitoring System.

BACKGROUND: Cross-border malaria is a significant obstacle to achieving malaria control and elimination worldwide. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to build a cross-border surveillance system that can make comparable and qualified data available to all parties involved in malaria control between French Guiana and Brazil. METHODS: Data reconciliation rules based on expert knowledge were defined and applied to the heterogeneous data provided by the existing malaria surveillance systems of both countries. Visualization dashboards were designed to facilitate progressive data exploration, analysis, and interpretation. Dedicated advanced open source and robust software solutions were chosen to facilitate solution sharing and reuse. RESULTS: A database gathering the harmonized data on cross-border malaria epidemiology is updated monthly with new individual malaria cases from both countries. Online dashboards permit a progressive and user-friendly visualization of raw data and epidemiological indicators, in the form of time series, maps, and data quality indexes. The monitoring system was shown to be able to identify changes in time series that are related to control actions, as well as differentiated changes according to space and to population subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: This cross-border monitoring tool could help produce new scientific evidence on cross-border malaria dynamics, implementing cross-border cooperation for malaria control and elimination, and can be quickly adapted to other cross-border contexts.

Malaria among indigenous peoples on the Brazil-French Guiana border, 2007-2016: a descriptive study. / Malária entre povos indígenas na fronteira Brasil-Guiana Francesa, entre 2007 e 2016: um estudo descritivo.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the profile and incidence of malaria cases among indigenous and non-indigenous people on the Brazil-French Guiana border, between 2007 and 2016. METHODS: this is a descriptive study based on analysis of cases notified on the Malaria Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (SIVEP-Malaria), organized using Tableau 10.3. RESULTS: a total of 21,729 cases were notified in the period; the highest annual number of notifications was 3,637 (16.7%) in 2009, 1,956 (53.8%) of which related to indigenous people, representing annual parasite incidence (API) of 261/1,000; higher risk of infection was found in the Kumenê base area (API between 13 and 534/1,000) and the Manga base area (API between 55 and 448/1,000); children accounted for 20.0 to 40.0% of notified cases, while pregnant women accounted for 2.0% among non-indigenous people and 1.0% among the indigenous. CONCLUSION: malaria case distribution was unequal between indigenous and non-indigenous people, with greater occurrence among the indigenous.

Representations and care practices of professionals regarding indigenous use of alcohol. / Representações e práticas de cuidado dos profissionais da saúde indígena em relação ao uso de álcool.

Indigenous people's health in Brazil is organized by the indigenous health subsystem, structured according to that of SUS, and described in the National Policy for Health Care of Indigenous Peoples. Alcohol consumption has been regarded as a health issue among indigenous peoples. In this paper, we describe the representations attributed by health professionals concerning alcohol use among indigenous peoples, and how these influence care practices. This is a descriptive ethnographic study based on interviews and participant observation. Analysis and interpretation were made with the support of Software Atlas TI 8.0. Excessive consumption occurs in specific contexts, and professionals view alcohol use as a problem. Drinking patterns vary with ethnicity, religion, and location, thus resulting in the need to develop cultural competencies that support implementation of effective actions and that also allow for collective construction, as stipulated in the policies. A network of supporters is described, among which are indigenous leaders, traditional healers, and the Evangelical Church. The study shows the difficulties of both carrying out policies and implementing actions which correspond to the indigenous peoples' expectations, recognizing the cultural and social rationale related to alcohol use.

Malária na fronteira do Brasil com a Guiana Francesa: a influência dos determinantes sociais e ambientais da saúde na permanência da doença / Malaria in the borders between Brazil and French Guiana: social and environmental health determinants and their influence on the permanence of the disease

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a influência dos determinantes socioambientais da saúde na incidência de malária por Plasmodium vivax na fronteira franco-brasileira. O estudo foi realizado entre 2011 e 2015, no município de Oiapoque (AP), na Amazônia brasileira. Foram incluídos na amostra 253 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, de 10 a 60 anos de idade. Houve predominância de 63,64% (161/253) de casos de malária em adultos do sexo masculino. A faixa etária mais acometida foi de 20 a 29 anos, com 30% (76/253); 84,6% (214/253) dos pacientes não concluíram o ensino médio, e 29,6% (75/253) não concluíram o ensino primário. No aspecto ambiental, houve correlação negativa entre as precipitações pluviométricas e a incidência da malária por P. vivax (p=0,0026). Em termos de mobilidade, constatou-se considerável proporção de migrantes provenientes dos estados do Pará e do Maranhão (55,73%; 141/253). Por fim, os dados apontaram que 31,23% (79/253) dos casos de malária foram importados da Guiana Francesa. Em síntese, a transmissão da malária na fronteira franco-brasileira envolve fatores ecológico-ambientais, biológicos e sociais que se expressam na elevada vulnerabilidade social da população que vive e circula na zona fronteiriça, favorecendo a ocorrência de surtos e a permanência da enfermidade.

Abstract This study analyzes the influence of socio-environmental health determinants on the maintenance of Plasmodium vivax malaria at the borders between French Guiana and Brazil. This study was carried out between 2011 and 2015 in the city of Oiapoque, Amapá, situated in the Brazilian Amazon region. The sample included 253 individuals of both sexes aged between 10 and 60 years. The disease was predominant in 63.64% (161/253) adult males. The most affected age group was 20 to 29 years old, with 30% (76/253). About 84.6% did not complete high school, while 29.6% (75/253) of the cases had not finished the first degree. Concerning the environmental aspect, negative correlation was observed between rainfall and the incidence of P. vivax malaria (p=0.0026). In terms of mobility, there was a considerable influx of migrants from the states of Pará and Maranhão, with 55.73% (141/253). Lastly, the data indicated that 31.23% (79/253) of malaria cases were imported from French Guiana. In summary, the transmission of malaria in these particular borders involved ecological, environmental, biological and social factors, which are expressed in the high social vulnerability of the population living and circulating in the border zone, favoring the occurrence of outbreaks and the maintenance of the disease.

Representações e práticas de cuidado dos profissionais da saúde indígena em relação ao uso de álcool / Representations and care practices of professionals regarding indigenous use of alcohol

Resumo A saúde indígena no Brasil está regulamentada pelo subsistema de saúde indígena, estruturado a partir do Sistema Único de Saúde e descrito na Política Nacional de Atenção à Saúde dos Povos Indígenas. O uso do álcool tem sido visto como um problema entre povos indígenas. Nesse artigo descrevemos as representações atribuídas por profissionais de saúde em relação ao uso do álcool entre indígenas e como estas influenciam nas práticas de cuidado. Estudo descritivo baseado em entrevistas e observação participante por inserção etnográfica. Análise e interpretação se deu com apoio do Software Atlas TI 8.0. O uso do álcool é observado como problemático pelos profissionais, e o consumo excessivo é reproduzido em contextos específicos. Os modos de beber variam de acordo com a etnia, religião e local, e isso resulta na descrição da necessidade de desenvolver competências culturais que apoiariam na execução de ações efetivas e contemplassem a construção coletiva prevista nas políticas. Uma rede de apoiadores é descrita, dentre eles, as lideranças, curadores tradicionais e a igreja evangélica. O estudo mostra as dificuldades na efetivação das políticas e na implementação de ações que correspondam às expectativas dos povos indígenas, reconhecendo as lógicas culturais e sociais relacionadas ao uso do álcool.

Abstract Indigenous people's health in Brazil is organized by the indigenous health subsystem, structured according to that of SUS, and described in the National Policy for Health Care of Indigenous Peoples. Alcohol consumption has been regarded as a health issue among indigenous peoples. In this paper, we describe the representations attributed by health professionals concerning alcohol use among indigenous peoples, and how these influence care practices. This is a descriptive ethnographic study based on interviews and participant observation. Analysis and interpretation were made with the support of Software Atlas TI 8.0. Excessive consumption occurs in specific contexts, and professionals view alcohol use as a problem. Drinking patterns vary with ethnicity, religion, and location, thus resulting in the need to develop cultural competencies that support implementation of effective actions and that also allow for collective construction, as stipulated in the policies. A network of supporters is described, among which are indigenous leaders, traditional healers, and the Evangelical Church. The study shows the difficulties of both carrying out policies and implementing actions which correspond to the indigenous peoples' expectations, recognizing the cultural and social rationale related to alcohol use.

Malária entre povos indígenas na fronteira Brasil-Guiana Francesa, entre 2007 e 2016: um estudo descritivo / Malaria entre pueblos indígenas en la frontera Brasil-Guyana Francesa, entre 2007 y 2016: un estudio descriptivo / Malaria among indigenous peoples on the Brazil-French Guiana border, 2007-2016: a descriptive study

Resumo Objetivo: descrever o perfil e a incidência dos casos de malária entre indígenas e não indígenas na fronteira franco-brasileira, no período de 2007 a 2016. Métodos: estudo descritivo, realizado a partir de casos notificados no Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Malária (SIVEP-Malária), organizados pelo software Tableau 10.3. Resultados: de um total de 21.729 casos no período, o ano de 2009 apresentou o maior registro, 3.637 (16,7%) notificações, das quais 1.956 (53,8%) entre indígenas com incidência parasitária anual (IPA) de 261 por 1 mil habitantes; os polos-base de Kumenê (IPA entre 13 e 534/1 mil hab.) e Manga (IPA entre 55 e 448/1 mil hab.) apresentaram maior risco de infecção; crianças representaram 20,0 a 40,0% dos casos notificados, e gestantes cerca de 2,0% dos casos entre não indígenas e 1,0% entre indígenas. Conclusão: a malária se apresentou de maneira desigual entre indígenas e não indígenas, com maior ocorrência entre povos indígenas.

Resumen Objetivo: describir el perfil y la incidencia de los casos de malaria entre indígenas y no indígenas en la frontera franco-brasileña, entre 2007 y 2016. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, realizado a partir de análisis de casos notificados en el Sistema de Información de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de la Malaria (SIVEP-Malaria), organizados por el software Tableau 10.3. Resultados: de 21.729 casos en el período, 2009 presentó el registro más alto, 3.637 (16,7%) notificaciones, 1.956 (53,8%) entre indígenas con incidencia parasitaria anual (IPA) de 261/1.000; el mayor riesgo de infección ocurrió en los polos Kumenê (IPA entre 13 y 534/1,000) y Manga (IPA entre 55 y 448/1.000); los niños representan 20% hasta 40% de los casos, y las mujeres embarazadas alrededor del 2,0% entre no indígenas y 1,0% entre indígenas. Conclusión: la malaria es desigual entre los dos grupos, con mayor riesgo para los indígenas.

Abstract Objective: to describe the profile and incidence of malaria cases among indigenous and non-indigenous people on the Brazil-French Guiana border, between 2007 and 2016. Methods: this is a descriptive study based on analysis of cases notified on the Malaria Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (SIVEP-Malaria), organized using Tableau 10.3. Results: a total of 21,729 cases were notified in the period; the highest annual number of notifications was 3,637 (16.7%) in 2009, 1,956 (53.8%) of which related to indigenous people, representing annual parasite incidence (API) of 261/1,000; higher risk of infection was found in the Kumenê base area (API between 13 and 534/1,000) and the Manga base area (API between 55 and 448/1,000); children accounted for 20.0 to 40.0% of notified cases, while pregnant women accounted for 2.0% among non-indigenous people and 1.0% among the indigenous. Conclusion: malaria case distribution was unequal between indigenous and non-indigenous people, with greater occurrence among the indigenous.

O desafio da atenção primária na saúde indígena no Brasil

[RESUMO]. No Brasil, o direito à saúde pleiteado pelos povos indígenas dialoga com diferentes marcos regulatórios, incluindo a Declaração de Alma-Ata, a qual propõe e valoriza a atenção primária à saúde (APS) como promotora de maior acesso e forma de minimizar as desigualdades em saúde. No âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), o subsistema de atenção à saúde indígena (SASI) e a Política de Atenção à Saúde dos Povos Indígenas (PNASPI) foram criados como estratégia para garantir o acesso à saúde aos povos indígenas. A PNASPI prevê atenção diferenciada às populações indígenas com base na diversidade sociocultural e nas particularidades epidemiológicas e logísticas desses povos e focando no desenvolvimento da APS com garantia de integralidade da assistência. O presente artigo traz reflexões acerca da implementação da PNASPI, destacando os avanços e desafios apresentados durante esse percurso. Apesar dos crescentes recursos financeiros disponibilizados para implementar o subsistema de saúde indígena, as ações têm apresentado poucos resultados nos indicadores de saúde, que refletem desigualdades historicamente descritas entre esses povos e os demais segmentos. A participação social ainda se mantém frágil, e suas discussões refletem a insatisfação dos usuários. A descontinuidade do cuidado somada à carência e alta rotatividade de profissionais, assim como a necessidade de estabelecer diálogos interculturais que promovam a articulação com saberes tradicionais, são fatores que desafiam a efetividade da PNASPI. O cuidado ainda é centrado em práticas paliativas e emergenciais, geralmente baseado na remoção de pacientes, gerando altos custos. A superação desses desafios depende do fortalecimento da APS e de seu reconhecimento enquanto importante marco regulador do modelo organizacional da PNASPI.

[ABSTRACT]. In Brazil, the right to health claimed by indigenous peoples interacts with various regulatory milestones, including the Alma-Ata Declaration, which proposes and highlights primary health care (PHC) as a means to increase access and minimize health inequalities. As part of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), an indigenous health subsystem (SASI) was established, along with a National Policy for the Care of Indigenous Peoples (PNASPI), as a strategy to ensure health care access for these populations. PNASPI aims to provide differentiated health care to indigenous populations, considering the sociocultural diversity and the epidemiological and logistic peculiarities associated with the care of these peoples and focusing on the provision of comprehensive care. The present article discusses the implementation of PNASPI, highlighting achievements and challenges faced during this process. Despite the growing financial resources made available for the implementation of the indigenous health subsystem, the initiatives developed thus far have had little impact on health indicators, which reflect historical inequalities in relation to other population segments. Indigenous social control is still fragile, and the discussions in this arena show the dissatisfaction of users toward the system. The discontinuity of care, added to the shortage of and high turnover of health care workers and the need to establish intercultural dialogues that promote articulation with traditional knowledges, challenge the effectiveness of PNASPI. Care is still centered on palliative and emergency measures, usually based on relocation of patients for treatment, which is associated with high cost. To overcome these challenges, PHC must be strengthened and recognized as a regulatory milestone by the PNASPI organizational model.

[RESUMEN]. En Brasil, el derecho a la salud reclamado por los pueblos indígenas interactúa con varios marcos regulatorios, incluida la Declaración de Alma-Ata, que propone y destaca la atención primaria de salud (APS) como un medio para aumentar el acceso a la salud y minimizar las desigualdades en materia de salud. Como parte del Sistema Único de Salud de Brasil (SUS), se crearon el subsistema de salud indígena (SASI)y la Política Nacional de Atención de Salud de los Pueblos Indígenas (PNASPI), como estrategias para garantizar el acceso a la atención médica de estas poblaciones. La Política tiene como objetivo brindar atención de salud diferenciada a las poblaciones indígenas, considerando la diversidad sociocultural y las peculiaridades epidemiológicas y logísticas asociadas con la atención de estos pueblos y centrándose en dispensar una atención integral basada en la APS. En este artículo se discute la implementación de la Política, y se destacan los logros y desafíos enfrentados durante este proceso. A pesar de los crecientes recursos financieros disponibles para la implementación del subsistema de salud indígena, las iniciativas desarrolladas hasta ahora han tenido escaso impacto en los indicadores de salud, que reflejan desigualdades históricas en relación con otros segmentos de la población. La participación social aún es débil, y las discusiones en este campo revelan la insatisfacción de los usuarios con el sistema. La falta de continuidad de la atención, sumada a la escasez y alta rotación de los trabajadores de la salud, así como la necesidad de establecer diálogos interculturales que promuevan la articulación con los conocimientos tradicionales, cuestionan la efectividad de la Política. La atención aún se centra en prácticas paliativas y de emergencia, generalmente basadas en la reubicación de los pacientes para tratamiento, lo que se asocia con un alto costo. La superación de estos desafíos depende del fortalecimiento de la APS y de su reconocimiento como marco regulador importante del modelo organizativo de la Política.

Enteroparasite and vivax malaria co-infection on the Brazil-French Guiana border: Epidemiological, haematological and immunological aspects.

Malaria-enteroparasitic co-infections are known for their endemicity. Although they are prevalent, little is known about their epidemiology and effect on the immune response. This study evaluated the effect of enteroparasite co-infections with malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax in a border area between Brazil and French Guiana. The cross sectional study took place in Oiapoque, a municipality of Amapá, on the Amazon border. Malaria was diagnosed using thick blood smears, haemoglobin dosage by an automated method and coproparasitology by the Hoffman and Faust methods. The anti-PvMSP-119 IgG antibodies in the plasma were evaluated using ELISA and Th1 (IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2), and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10) cytokine counts were performed by flow cytometry. The participants were grouped into those that were monoinfected with vivax malaria (M), vivax malaria-enteroparasite co-infected (CI), monoinfected with enteroparasite (E) and endemic controls (EC), who were negative for both diseases. 441 individuals were included and grouped according to their infection status: [M 6.9% (30/441)], [Cl 26.5% (117/441)], [E 32.4% (143/441)] and [EC 34.2% (151/441)]. Males prevailed among the (M) 77% (23/30) and (CI) 60% (70/117) groups. There was a difference in haemoglobin levels among the different groups under study for [EC-E], [EC-Cl], [E-M] and [Cl-M], with (p < 0.01). Anaemia was expressed as a percentage between individuals [CI-EC (p < 0.05)]. In terms of parasitaemia, there were differences for the groups [CI-M (p < 0.05)]. Anti-PvMSP-119 antibodies were detected in 51.2% (226/441) of the population. The level of cytokines evaluation revealed a large variation in TNF-α and IL-10 concentrations in the co-infected group. In this study we did not observe any influence of coinfection on the acquisition of IgG antibodies against PvMSP119, as well as on the profile of the cytokines that characterize the Th1 and Th2 patterns. However, co-infection increased TNF-α and IL-10 levels.

[The challenge of providing primary healthcare care to indigenous peoples in BrazilEl desafío de brindar atención primaria de salud a los pueblos indígenas en Brasil]. / O desafio da atenção primária na saúde indígena no Brasil.

In Brazil, the right to health claimed by indigenous peoples interacts with various regulatory milestones, including the Alma-Ata Declaration, which proposes and highlights primary health care (PHC) as a means to increase access and minimize health inequalities. As part of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), an indigenous health subsystem (SASI) was established, along with a National Policy for the Care of Indigenous Peoples (PNASPI), as a strategy to ensure health care access for these populations. PNASPI aims to provide differentiated health care to indigenous populations, considering the sociocultural diversity and the epidemiological and logistic peculiarities associated with the care of these peoples and focusing on the provision of comprehensive care. The present article discusses the implementation of PNASPI, highlighting achievements and challenges faced during this process. Despite the growing financial resources made available for the implementation of the indigenous health subsystem, the initiatives developed thus far have had little impact on health indicators, which reflect historical inequalities in relation to other population segments. Indigenous social control is still fragile, and the discussions in this arena show the dissatisfaction of users toward the system. The discontinuity of care, added to the shortage of and high turnover of health care workers and the need to establish intercultural dialogues that promote articulation with traditional knowledges, challenge the effectiveness of PNASPI. Care is still centered on palliative and emergency measures, usually based on relocation of patients for treatment, which is associated with high cost. To overcome these challenges, PHC must be strengthened and recognized as a regulatory milestone by the PNASPI organizational model.

En Brasil, el derecho a la salud reclamado por los pueblos indígenas interactúa con varios marcos regulatorios, incluida la Declaración de Alma-Ata, que propone y destaca la atención primaria de salud (APS) como un medio para aumentar el acceso a la salud y minimizar las desigualdades en materia de salud. Como parte del Sistema Único de Salud de Brasil (SUS), se crearon el subsistema de salud indígena (SASI)y la Política Nacional de Atención de Salud de los Pueblos Indígenas (PNASPI), como estrategias para garantizar el acceso a la atención médica de estas poblaciones. La Política tiene como objetivo brindar atención de salud diferenciada a las poblaciones indígenas, considerando la diversidad sociocultural y las peculiaridades epidemiológicas y logísticas asociadas con la atención de estos pueblos y centrándose en dispensar una atención integral basada en la APS. En este artículo se discute la implementación de la Política, y se destacan los logros y desafíos enfrentados durante este proceso. A pesar de los crecientes recursos financieros disponibles para la implementación del subsistema de salud indígena, las iniciativas desarrolladas hasta ahora han tenido escaso impacto en los indicadores de salud, que reflejan desigualdades históricas en relación con otros segmentos de la población. La participación social aún es débil, y las discusiones en este campo revelan la insatisfacción de los usuarios con el sistema. La falta de continuidad de la atención, sumada a la escasez y alta rotación de los trabajadores de la salud, así como la necesidad de establecer diálogos interculturales que promuevan la articulación con los conocimientos tradicionales, cuestionan la efectividad de la Política. La atención aún se centra en prácticas paliativas y de emergencia, generalmente basadas en la reubicación de los pacientes para tratamiento, lo que se asocia con un alto costo. La superación de estos desafíos depende del fortalecimiento de la APS y de su reconocimiento como marco regulador importante del modelo organizativo de la Política.

O desafio da atenção primária na saúde indígena no Brasil / The challenge of providing primary healthcare care to indigenous peoples in Brazil / El desafío de brindar atención primaria de salud a los pueblos indígenas en Brasil

RESUMO No Brasil, o direito à saúde pleiteado pelos povos indígenas dialoga com diferentes marcos regulatórios, incluindo a Declaração de Alma-Ata, a qual propõe e valoriza a atenção primária à saúde (APS) como promotora de maior acesso e forma de minimizar as desigualdades em saúde. No âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), o subsistema de atenção à saúde indígena (SASI) e a Política de Atenção à Saúde dos Povos Indígenas (PNASPI) foram criados como estratégia para garantir o acesso à saúde aos povos indígenas. A PNASPI prevê atenção diferenciada às populações indígenas com base na diversidade sociocultural e nas particularidades epidemiológicas e logísticas desses povos e focando no desenvolvimento da APS com garantia de integralidade da assistência. O presente artigo traz reflexões acerca da implementação da PNASPI, destacando os avanços e desafios apresentados durante esse percurso. Apesar dos crescentes recursos financeiros disponibilizados para implementar o subsistema de saúde indígena, as ações têm apresentado poucos resultados nos indicadores de saúde, que refletem desigualdades historicamente descritas entre esses povos e os demais segmentos. A participação social ainda se mantém frágil, e suas discussões refletem a insatisfação dos usuários. A descontinuidade do cuidado somada à carência e alta rotatividade de profissionais, assim como a necessidade de estabelecer diálogos interculturais que promovam a articulação com saberes tradicionais, são fatores que desafiam a efetividade da PNASPI. O cuidado ainda é centrado em práticas paliativas e emergenciais, geralmente baseado na remoção de pacientes, gerando altos custos. A superação desses desafios depende do fortalecimento da APS e de seu reconhecimento enquanto importante marco regulador do modelo organizacional da PNASPI.

ABSTRACT In Brazil, the right to health claimed by indigenous peoples interacts with various regulatory milestones, including the Alma-Ata Declaration, which proposes and highlights primary health care (PHC) as a means to increase access and minimize health inequalities. As part of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), an indigenous health subsystem (SASI) was established, along with a National Policy for the Care of Indigenous Peoples (PNASPI), as a strategy to ensure health care access for these populations. PNASPI aims to provide differentiated health care to indigenous populations, considering the sociocultural diversity and the epidemiological and logistic peculiarities associated with the care of these peoples and focusing on the provision of comprehensive care. The present article discusses the implementation of PNASPI, highlighting achievements and challenges faced during this process. Despite the growing financial resources made available for the implementation of the indigenous health subsystem, the initiatives developed thus far have had little impact on health indicators, which reflect historical inequalities in relation to other population segments. Indigenous social control is still fragile, and the discussions in this arena show the dissatisfaction of users toward the system. The discontinuity of care, added to the shortage of and high turnover of health care workers and the need to establish intercultural dialogues that promote articulation with traditional knowledges, challenge the effectiveness of PNASPI. Care is still centered on palliative and emergency measures, usually based on relocation of patients for treatment, which is associated with high cost. To overcome these challenges, PHC must be strengthened and recognized as a regulatory milestone by the PNASPI organizational model.

RESUMEN En Brasil, el derecho a la salud reclamado por los pueblos indígenas interactúa con varios marcos regulatorios, incluida la Declaración de Alma-Ata, que propone y destaca la atención primaria de salud (APS) como un medio para aumentar el acceso a la salud y minimizar las desigualdades en materia de salud. Como parte del Sistema Único de Salud de Brasil (SUS), se crearon el subsistema de salud indígena (SASI)y la Política Nacional de Atención de Salud de los Pueblos Indígenas (PNASPI), como estrategias para garantizar el acceso a la atención médica de estas poblaciones. La Política tiene como objetivo brindar atención de salud diferenciada a las poblaciones indígenas, considerando la diversidad sociocultural y las peculiaridades epidemiológicas y logísticas asociadas con la atención de estos pueblos y centrándose en dispensar una atención integral basada en la APS. En este artículo se discute la implementación de la Política, y se destacan los logros y desafíos enfrentados durante este proceso. A pesar de los crecientes recursos financieros disponibles para la implementación del subsistema de salud indígena, las iniciativas desarrolladas hasta ahora han tenido escaso impacto en los indicadores de salud, que reflejan desigualdades históricas en relación con otros segmentos de la población. La participación social aún es débil, y las discusiones en este campo revelan la insatisfacción de los usuarios con el sistema. La falta de continuidad de la atención, sumada a la escasez y alta rotación de los trabajadores de la salud, así como la necesidad de establecer diálogos interculturales que promuevan la articulación con los conocimientos tradicionales, cuestionan la efectividad de la Política. La atención aún se centra en prácticas paliativas y de emergencia, generalmente basadas en la reubicación de los pacientes para tratamiento, lo que se asocia con un alto costo. La superación de estos desafíos depende del fortalecimiento de la APS y de su reconocimiento como marco regulador importante del modelo organizativo de la Política.

Epidemiologic situation of tuberculosis in Rio Grande do Sul: an analysis about Sinan's data between 2003 and 2012 focusing on indigenous peoples. / Situação epidemiológica da tuberculose no Rio Grande do Sul: uma análise com base nos dados do Sinan entre 2003 e 2012 com foco nos povos indígenas.

OBJECTIVE:: This article analyzes the epidemiological situation of tuberculosis in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, emphasizing the indigenous population. The data are based on the Information System of Grievance Notification (Sinan) between 2003 and 2012. METHODS:: The notified cases of tuberculosis were analyzed according to age, sex, zone of residence, input type, means of diagnosis, clinical form, anti-HIV exam, medical care, supervised treatment (in Portuguese, TDO), closure, and race. RESULTS:: The highest incidence rates in the period were among Afro-Brazilians, yellow, and indigenous peoples. The cases affected mainly adult men living in urban areas. Indigenous peoples showed the highest rates of notifications among people aged less than 10 years (12%). In the sputum test, missing information and not-performed exams reached more than 50.0% in all periods and groups. The cure was more prevalent among white people (66.2%); indigenous, brown, and Afro-Brazilian people presented the lowest cure rates: 59.4, 58.4, and 60%, respectively. CONCLUSION:: Tuberculosis is one of the biggest problems in Rio Grande do Sul. The actions of diagnosis, clinical form, and treatment of the cases have not been implemented as proposed. The indigenous peoples' situation is similar and diverse at the same time in comparison with other peoples from different areas of Brazil. Nevertheless, it is unfavorable on a balanced evaluation of the whole scenario. Furthermore, the discrepancies among races are evident: the indigenous and Afro-Brazilian peoples fill the spread sheet, in general terms, on the worst situation, whereas the white people fill the data with the best health situation.

Situação epidemiológica da tuberculose no Rio Grande do Sul: uma análise com base nos dados do Sinan entre 2003 e 2012 com foco nos povos indígenas / Epidemiologic situation of tuberculosis in Rio Grande do Sul: an analysis about Sinan's data between 2003 and 2012 focusing on indigenous peoples

RESUMO: Objetivo: O trabalho analisa a situação epidemiológica da tuberculose no Rio Grande do Sul, com enfoque na população indígena, com base no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), entre 2003 e 2012. Métodos: Os casos notificados de tuberculose foram analisados conforme faixa etária, sexo, zona de residência, tipo de entrada, meios de diagnóstico, forma clínica, realização do anti-HIV, acompanhamento, tratamento supervisionado (TDO), encerramento e raça/cor. Resultados: As maiores taxas de incidência no período foram descritas pelos grupos de raça/cor preta, amarela e indígena. Os casos acometeram principalmente homens adultos que residiam em zonas urbanas. Indígenas apresentaram maior percentual de notificações em menores de 10 anos (12%). Nas baciloscopias de controle, informações ausentes e exames não realizados somaram mais de 50% em todo o período e grupos. A cura foi mais prevalente entre brancos (66,2%); indígenas, pardos e pretos tiveram os menores índices de cura: 59,4, 58,4 e 60%, respectivamente. Conclusão: A tuberculose é um grave problema de saúde no Rio Grande do Sul, e as ações de diagnóstico, acompanhamento e tratamento dos casos não vêm ocorrendo como preconizadas. A situação indígena guarda semelhanças e diferenças em comparação com o observado em outras regiões do país, permanecendo contudo francamente desfavorável perante os demais grupos. Por fim, destacam-se marcantes desigualdades entre os grupos de raça/cor. Enquanto indígenas e pretos ocupam, em termos gerais, as piores posições no quadro, os brancos, a melhor.

ABSTRACT: Objective: This article analyzes the epidemiological situation of tuberculosis in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, emphasizing the indigenous population. The data are based on the Information System of Grievance Notification (Sinan) between 2003 and 2012. Methods: The notified cases of tuberculosis were analyzed according to age, sex, zone of residence, input type, means of diagnosis, clinical form, anti-HIV exam, medical care, supervised treatment (in Portuguese, TDO), closure, and race. Results: The highest incidence rates in the period were among Afro-Brazilians, yellow, and indigenous peoples. The cases affected mainly adult men living in urban areas. Indigenous peoples showed the highest rates of notifications among people aged less than 10 years (12%). In the sputum test, missing information and not-performed exams reached more than 50.0% in all periods and groups. The cure was more prevalent among white people (66.2%); indigenous, brown, and Afro-Brazilian people presented the lowest cure rates: 59.4, 58.4, and 60%, respectively. Conclusion: Tuberculosis is one of the biggest problems in Rio Grande do Sul. The actions of diagnosis, clinical form, and treatment of the cases have not been implemented as proposed. The indigenous peoples' situation is similar and diverse at the same time in comparison with other peoples from different areas of Brazil. Nevertheless, it is unfavorable on a balanced evaluation of the whole scenario. Furthermore, the discrepancies among races are evident: the indigenous and Afro-Brazilian peoples fill the spread sheet, in general terms, on the worst situation, whereas the white people fill the data with the best health situation.